-io

From Latin -ia in country names.

• IPA^(key): /ˈio/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: i‧o

-io

2. a place, usually a country, named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river

   ‎andaluzo (“Andalusian”) + ‎-io → ‎Andaluzio (“Andalusia”)

   ‎Esperanto (“the Esperanto language”) + ‎-io → ‎Esperantio (“a notional Esperanto-speaking land”)

   ‎flandro (“Fleming”) + ‎-io → ‎Flandrio (“Flanders”)

   ‎japano (“a Japanese person”) + ‎-io → ‎Japanio (“Japan”)

   ‎Kaŭkazo (“the Caucasus Mountains”) + ‎-io → ‎Kaŭkazio (“the Caucasus (region)”)

   ‎Kolumbo (“Christopher Columbus”) + ‎-io → ‎Kolumbio (“Colombia”)

   ‎Niĝero (“the Niger River”) + ‎-io → ‎Niĝerio (“Nigeria”)

   ‎Novjorko (“New York City”) + ‎-io → ‎Novjorkio (“New York (state)”)

   ‎Romo (“Rome”) + ‎-io → ‎Romio (“the Roman Empire”)

   ‎ŝvabo (“Swabian”) + ‎-io → ‎Ŝvabio (“Swabia”)

3. a science named after its practitioner

   ‎astronomo (“astronomer”) + ‎-io → ‎astronomio (“astronomy”)

   ‎biologo (“biologist”) + ‎-io → ‎biologio (“biology”)

   ‎kirurgo (“surgeon”) + ‎-io → ‎kirurgio (“surgery (branch of medicine)”)

5. -ium; used to form the names of chemical elements

   ‎berilo (“beryl”) + ‎-io → ‎berilio (“beryllium”)

   ‎titano (“titan”) + ‎-io → ‎titanio (“titanium”)

   ‎Urano (“Uranus”) + ‎-io → ‎uranio (“uranium”)

• (place): -ujo for places named after their inhabitants: Anglujo (“England”)
• (place): lando is also sometimes used for places named after inhabitants: Svedlando = Svedio (“Sweden”)
• (science): scienco is used like a suffix with root words to form names of some sciences: vulkanoscienco = vulkanologio (“volcanology”)

From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with -o from verb stems ending in -i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal -i(j)o, from -ja-i (for labial ai > o, compare plural forms of kala-type nouns), from -ja + -i.

-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö, linguistic notation -iO)

1. Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.

   ‎itää (“to sprout”) + ‎-io → ‎itiö (“spore (of e.g. mushroom, moss)”)

   ‎valita (“to choose”) + ‎-io → ‎valio (“elite, select”)

2. Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.

   ‎yksi (“one”) + ‎-io → ‎yksiö (“a one-room apartment”)

   ‎kolme (“three”) + ‎-io → ‎kolmio (“a triangle; a yield sign”)

   ‎neljä (“four”) + ‎-io → ‎neliö (“a square”); shorter form for a square meter

• oi

Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

-io

1. suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person

   ‎duko (“duke; duchess”) + ‎-io → ‎dukio (“duchy”)

   ‎episkopo (“bishop”) + ‎-io → ‎episkopio (“bishopric, diocese, episcopate”)

   ‎paroko (“parish priest, rector”) + ‎-io → ‎parokio (“parish”)

   ‎rejo (“sovereign, ruler, king, queen, monarch”) + ‎-io → ‎rejio (“kingdom”)

A common but false misconception is that countries that end with -ia in Ido, for example Albania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though, -io at times can help shape country names to fit; Mexikia uses the extra i so not to be confused with Mexiko (“Mexico City”) at the same time resembling other country names.

Unknown. Perhaps from Latin -ērium.

• IPA^(key): /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -ì‧o

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)

2. used with verb roots to derive nouns with durative, intensive or frequentative connotation; -le

From Latin -īvus.

• IPA^(key): /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -ì‧o

-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ii, feminine plural -ie)
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)

2. alternative form of -ivo

From Latin -ius.

• IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -i or -ii, feminine plural -ie)

1. added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): /jo/ (stressed on the preceding syllable)
• Hyphenation: -io

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)

2. (uncommon) used with verb roots to derive simple deverbal nouns

   Synonym: (more common) -o

   ‎sgravàre (“to relieve, to lighten”) + ‎-io → ‎sgràvio (“relief, lightening”)

Borrowed from New Latin -ium.

• IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i or -ii)

2. forms the name of chemical elements; -ium

From Latin -īvit via Vulgar Latin -īut.

• IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

-io (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. (Romanesco, archaic, Dantesque) used with a stem to form the third-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs
2. (Romanesco, dated) used with a stem to form the simple past of verbs

   ...E poi annamio ar negozio a venne

   ...And then we used to go to the shop to sell

Suffix -ō on i-stems.

-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension

2. Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.

The suffix -iō is added to a verb to create a third-declension feminine abstract noun.

Examples:

legiō, from legō

regiō, from regō

Third-declension noun.

• -tus

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Extension of -ō (possibly by rebracketing).

-iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension

2. Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms various nouns designating persons that are characterized by or related to the base word, such as nicknames or names of professions.
4. Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certain nouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.

Personal appellations ending in -iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case of homunciō.^[1]

Third-declension noun.

• -ō, -ārius

From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.

-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation

2. Used to form factitive verbs from adjectives.

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

From Proto-Italic *-jō, from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (first person singular: *-yóh₂) after a consonant.

-iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation iō-variant

2. Used to form some irregular third conjugation verbs.

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (denominative suffix). The question of how it came to be differentiated from third-conjugation -iō, -ere is still debated. Vine 2012 derives denominatives such as serviō from *serw-e-yé/ó- (with the thematic vowel *-e- before the suffix), proposing that unaccented Proto-Indo-European *-e- came to be assimilated in Italic to an immediately following *-y-.^[2] Alternative explanations include an Italic version of Sievers's law (that is, a prosodically conditioned development of postconsonantal *-y-* to *-iy- in certain contexts) or combination of the suffix with stems ending in *-i-. Some verbs may be derived from backformation from adjectives ending in -ītus, such as igniō, whose finite forms are attested later than ignītus (“fiery, glowing”).^[3]

-iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī or -iī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation

2. Used to form fourth conjugation verbs.

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

(from infinitive -īre:)

From Latin -ium, from the adjectival suffix -ius.

• IPA^(key): /ˈ-io/

-io

1. (added to nouns) A suffix forming abstract nouns.

   ‎sennor (“lord, master”) + ‎-io → ‎sennorio (“dominion, jurisdiction”)

• Spanish: -ío

From Old Galician-Portuguese -io, from Latin -īvus. Doublet of -ivo.

-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ios, feminine plural -ias)

1. -ive; -y (forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or inclination)

   ‎escorregar (“to slip”) + ‎-io → ‎escorregadio (“slippery”)

   ‎arredar (“to withdraw from”) + ‎-io → ‎arredio (“withdrawn, solitary”)

-io m (noun-forming suffix, uncountable)

1. (informal) forms collectives

   ‎mulher (“woman”) + ‎-io → ‎mulherio (“a bunch of women”)

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)

1. (chemistry) -ium (forms the names of chemical elements and isotopes)

-io

1. obsolete spelling of -iu

Borrowed from New Latin -ium, from Latin -um, based on Latin terms for metals, such as ferrum (“iron”).

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)

1. -ium

• “-io”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 10 December 2024

Variant of -o, initially after a stem that contained /j/ (for Brythonic /ɣ/ or from palatalization after a diphthong), later extended to other verbstems.

• IPA^(key): /jɔ/

-io

1. Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech.

• -o (Forms verbnouns from verb stems ending in i̯)